Objective: It is suggested that the psychological and emotional reactions that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to serious psychiatric disorders in the long run. This study aims to establish the validity and reliability of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale developed for measuring emotions and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The sociodemographic form, COVID-19 Phobia Scale developed by the researchers, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Health Anxiety Scale were applied in the study conducted through a web-based survey method. Results: An item-total analysis was performed as the first step of the study that was conducted with 1243 participants. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed the final version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale to comprise four subscales made up of 22 items, where the subscales were termed as worry, mood, reassurance seeking/precaution, and avoidance. The internal consistency of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale measured by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.84. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the COVID-19 Phobia Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Health Anxiety Scale. Conclusion: The COVID-19 Phobia Scale is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to measure emotions and related behavioral changes.

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There is general agreement that physical entities exist, but there is widespread disagreement on whether nonphysical entities such as emergent quantities, mental constructs, and agencies qualify as existence and the nature of those quantities. At the core of this disagreement lie subjective worldviews and ideological convictions rather than objective reasoning based on observations. Further, there is a growing tendency to view all nonphysical quantities as properties of organization and label them emergent qualities which appear out of nothing and disappear into nothingness. In this paper we present plausible arguments that emergent qualities are not limited to large assemblies of matter and that they are encountered even at subatomic level. We also make a distinction among different kinds of nonphysical entities such as mental constructs invented by the mind and entities discovered by inference, such as the laws of nature. Finally, we present a novel view of the notion of agency, such as the agency of physics which is comprised of the laws and forces of physics, characterized by causal power with the capacity to subjugate and manipulate physical entities made of matter–energy. Once the emergent quantities, mental constructs, and agencies are properly characterized and their concealed interconnections revealed, we can develop a better understanding of reality and envisage how physical and nonphysical entities interplay and how they can be manipulated.

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Background: Datura stramonium (D. stramonium), is a family member of Solanaceae, an annual plant known for its medicinal and toxic properties. Aims and Objectives: The study was designed to determine whether lactational exposure to hyoscyamine fraction of Datura stramonium L. (D. stramonium) seeds affect the cognitive, spatial learning and memory functions of the hippocampus in Wistar rats at adulthood. Materials and Methods: Fresh seeds of D. stramonium L. were procured, macerated and fractionated. Eight (8) Wistar rats weighed 150-250 grams of equal gender were used for the study. The rats were mated and divided into control and treatment groups. Equivalent body weight of normal saline and 400 mg/kgbwt of hyoscyamine fraction were orally administered to the breastfeeding rats respectively on lactational days (LD) 1-21. At adulthood, the rats were subjected to neurobehavioural tests using novel objects recognition (NORT) and Morris water maze (MWM) respectively. The data obtained were expressed as mean ± SEM, independent two samples t-test and General Linear Model (GLM) repeated-measures ANOVA with Fisher's multiple comparisons post-hoc tests were used to show the mean differences using Minitab 17 (LLC., U.K.) statistical package software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A significant increase in the meantime of exploration between the groups (p = 0.049) was observed during the NORT. No statistically significant increase (p = 0.626) in the meantime to locate the escape platform between the groups during the MWM test. The CA1 region of the treated group showed mild nuclear hyperchromasia, cytoplasmic vacuolations and pyknosis. Conclusion: In conclusion, exposure to hyoscyamine fraction of D. stramonium L. seeds at lactation caused neuronal lesions in the CA1 region, impaired novel objects recognition but not spatial learning and memory in Wistar rats at adulthood.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic with 8,708,000 confirmed cases and 461,715 death in the world until June 21, 2020. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus, which is an enveloped and single-stranded RNA virus belonging to Coronaviridea family, causes multiple organ systems diseases such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and neurological tracts in humans and animals. With the rapid and global spread of COVID-19, the scientific authorities have developed treatment algorithms for COVID-19. Besides the supportive care, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, azithromycin, Vitamin C, and convalescent plasma therapy are frequently used off-label to treat COVID-19. For severe COVID-19 cases, the US Food and Drug Administration has issued an Emergency Use Authorization Remdesivir, which is the first drug to earn the title. COVID-19 treatment may cause many side effects and drug interactions. Psychiatric diseases are also chronic diseases, and psychiatric drugs may have severe interactions with COVID-19 medications. Drug interactions with psychiatric medication and neuropsychiatric side effects should be considered within the action mechanism of COVID-19 treatments. Thus, in this review, we aimed to elucidate the interactions of COVID-19 medications with the antidepressants, antipsychotics, and the other psychotropic drugs that have been frequently used in psychiatric diseases. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, ribavirin, and lopinavir/ritonavir have interactions with psychiatric medications such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and anxiolytics in terms of QTc interval prolongation, hepatotoxicity, myelosuppression, increased or decreased concentration of medications. Remdesivir has lower interactions with most of the psychiatric drugs except St John's Wort and some anticonvulsants. However, favipiravir is considered as the COVID-19 medication, which has lower interaction and side effects in combination with psychiatric medication. The use of tocilizumab is also safe with most of the psychiatric drugs and has a positive effect on depressive symptoms, although there is a risk of hepatotoxicity.

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Background: The anxiety level of an athlete is important. The serotonin transporter protein is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene. Serotonin is one of the most important members of anxiety metabolism. Serotonin transporter protein plays a role in bringing serotonin back from the synaptic space to the presynaptic neuron. Aims: We aimed to determine the genotype and allele distributions of the SLC6A4 promoter L/S polymorphism in football players and compare it with the control group. For this purpose, 20 football players participated in our study. Materials and Methods: Genotyping was performed by PCR after DNAs were isolated from buccal epithelial cells. Results: When we examined the genotype distributions, the LL, LS and SS were found as 4 (20%), 8 (40%) and 8 (40%), respectively. In the control group, the same genotype number and percentages were determined as 10 (23%), 25 (57%) and 9 (20%), respectively. In terms of genotype distribution, no statistically significant significance was found between the two groups (p = 0.2493). When allelic distributions were examined in the athlete group, the L allele was counted as 16 (40%) and the S allele as 24 (60%). In the control group, the L allele 45 (51%) and the S allele were counted as 43 (49%). When the two groups were compared statistically in terms of allelic distribution, no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.2423). Conclusion: As a result, LS and SS genotype were co-dominant and at the same time higher than LL genotype. At the same time, when we compared the S allele with the L allele, it was found that the S allele was more in percentage. Studies have found that the S allele is associated with anxiety. Sports psychologist can support athletes with S allele who are prone to anxiety problems. This is the first study to report that S allele is more common than L allele in Turkish football players.

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ÖZET Çalışmamızda OKB hastaları ile saǧlıklı bireylerin aleksitimi düzeyleri karşılaştırılıp aralarında anlamlı bir fark olup olmadıǧı incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte kişilerin bazı sosyodemografik özelliklerinin de OKB ve aleksitimi düzeyleri üzerinde etkili olup olmadıǧı araştırılmıştır. Çalışmaya, İstanbul ilindeki Üsküdar Üniversitesi NP Feneryolu Tıp Merkezi'nde tanı almış ve tedavileri halen devam eden, yaşları 18-45 aralıǧında olan 25'i kadın 15'i erkek olmak üzere 40 gönüllü OKB hastası ile İstanbul ilinde yaşayan rastgele seçilmiş, herhangi bir psikiyatrik tanısı bulunmayan, yaşları 18-45 aralıǧında olan 25'i kadın 15'i erkek olmak üzere 40 gönüllü saǧlıklı birey katılmıştır. Katılımcılar öncelikle çalışma ve kişisel bilgilerin gizliliǧi konusunda bilgilendirilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilecek verileri toplamak amacıyla, 80 katılımcıya, “Sosyodemografik Veri Formu, Toronto Aleksitimi Ölçeǧi (TAÖ-20) ve Yale-Brown Obsesyon Kompulsiyon Ölçeǧi ve Semptom Listesi (Y-BOCS)” uygulanmıştır. Bu ölçeklerden elde edilen veriler ise SSPS v. 21 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) programı ile istatistiksel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Sürekli deǧişkenlerin normallik daǧılımı Skewness-Kurtosis deǧerlerinin -1.5 ve +1.5 aralıǧında oluşuna göre deǧerlendirilmiştir. OKB tanılı hastalarla saǧlıklı kontrollerin ölçeklerden aldıkları puanların karşılaştırılmasında baǧımsız örneklem t testi yürütülmüştür. Sosyodemografik deǧişkenler bakımından yürütülen gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda baǧımsız örneklem Mann Whintey U testi yürütülmüştür. Ölçeklerden alınan puanlar arasındaki korelasyon deǧerleri ise puanların normal daǧılıyor olması nedeniyle Pearson korelasyon analizi ile yürütülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; OKB hastalarının aleksitimi düzeyleri saǧlıklı bireylerin aleksitimi düzeylerine göre anlamlı bir biçimde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. OKB hastalarının TAÖ-20'nin alt boyutları olan duygu ifadesinde zorluk puanları ile duygu tanımlamada zorluk puanları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Aleksitimi, obsesif kompulsif bozukluk, OKB In this study, we compared the levels of alexithymia in healthy individuals with OCD patients and investigated whether there is a significant difference between them. Furthermore, some of the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects were also examined to determine whether they had an effect on OCD and alexithymia levels. 40 volunteer OCD patients, 25 of whom were women and 15 men, aged 18-45 years, who were diagnosed at the NP Feneryolu Medical Center of Üsküdar University, Istanbul, and who were randomly selected and living in Istanbul, 40 volunteer healthy individuals, 25 of whom are women and 15 of whom are men and whose ages are between 18 and 45, are attended to this study. Participants were first informed about the privacy of work and personal information. “Sociodemographic Data Form, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Symptom List (Y-BOCS)” were applied to all 80 participants in order to collect the data obtained in the study. The data obtained from these scales were subjected to statistical analysis with the SSPS v. 21 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program. The normality distribution of continuous variables was evaluated according to the occurrence of Skewness-Kurtosis values in the range of -1.5 and +1.5. An independent sample t-test was conducted to compare the scores of healthy controls and OCD patients. Independent sample Mann Whintey U test was performed among the groups in terms of demographic variables. Correlation values between the scores obtained from the scales were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis because the scores were normally distributed. According to the results of this study; a significant difference was found between the levels of alexithymia of healthy individuals and OCD patients. The levels of alexithymia in OCD patients were significantly higher than those of healthy individuals. Apart from this, there was a significant positive correlation between the difficulty describing feelings scores of OCD patients and the their difficulty identifying feelings scores of the TAS-20 subscales. In addition, a number of suggestions have been added in order to make contribution to the literature of this research which is also included in similar studies.

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Öz Çalışmamızda, voleybolcularda serotonin taşıyıcı protein geni (SLC6A4) promotör L/S polimorfizminin genotip ve allel daǧılımlarını belirlemeyi ve literatürde bulunan önceki çalışmalar ile karşılaştırmayı hedefledik. Bu amaçla çalışmamıza 21 voleybolcu katıldı. Genotipleme işlemi, yanak içi epitel hücrelerinden DNA elde edildikten sonra PCR ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatür taraması Google Akademik ve PUBMED veri tabanlarında “spor, sporcu, genetik, SLC6A4, spor genetiǧi, polimorfizm” anahtar kelimeler ve kombinasyonları ile yapılmıştır. Kohortumuzda LL, LS ve SS genotipleri sayı ve yüzde olarak sırasıyla 10 (%48), 7 (%33) ve 4 (%19) olarak bulundu. L ve S allel sayı ve yüzdeleri ise sırasıyla 27 (%64) ve 15 (%36) olarak bulunmuştur. Yapılan literatür araması ile 9 farklı çalışma kriterlerimize uygun bulunmuş ve bulgularımız ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, genotip daǧılımı açısından SS genotipinin yüzdece düşük olması, diǧer çalışmalar ve bizim bulgularımız ile ortaktır. Sadece bir çalışmada S alleli yüzdece daha fazla bulunmuştur. Son dönemlerde yapılan çalışmalar “S” allelinin anksiyete ile ilişkilendirildiǧini göstermiştir. Çalışmamız, voleybolculardaki LL genotip ve L allelinin, SS genotip ve S allelinden yüzdece daha yüksek olduǧunu gösteren ilk rapordur. Anahtar Kelimeler: genetik, spor genetiǧi, serotonin, voleybol, polimorfizm We aimed to determine the genotype and allele distributions of the serotonin transporter protein gene (SLC6A4) promoter L/S polymorphism in volleyball players and compare it with the previous studies in the literature in this study. For this purpose, 21 volleyball players participated in our study. Genotyping was performed by PCR after DNAs were isolated from buccal cells. The literature review has been done in Google Scholar and PUBMED databases with the keywords and combinations of “sports, athletes, genetics, SLC6A4, sports genetics, polymorphism”. In our cohort, LL, LS and SS genotypes were found in numbers and percentages as 10 (48%), 7 (33%) and 4 (19%), respectively. The respective L and S allele count numbers and percentages were 27 (64%) and 15 (36%). 9 different studies matched our criteria and compared with our findings with literature review. As a result, the low percentage of SS genotype in terms of genotype distribution was common with the previous studies and our findings. The S allele percentage was higher than our results just in one research. Recent studies have shown that the “S” allele is associated with anxiety. Our study was the first report to show that the LL genotype and L allele in volleyball players are higher than the SS genotype and S allele.

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Background: The association between nutrition and mental diseases has been extensively studied. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are the main vitamins in the development of the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin B12 and folic acid levels with depression and anxiety. Methods: A total of 150 patients (77 with anxiety and 73 with depression) between 18 and 79 were enrolled. The initial mood state was evaluated using Beck's Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for the presence of depression and anxiety, respectively. Venous blood samples were collected after overnight fasting and vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were measured. Results: Serum concentrations of folic acid were significantly lower in patients with depression than those with anxiety (p=0.04). Substantially higher vitamin B12 levels were described in men than females counterparts with severe depression (p=0.049). Additionally, there was a significant inverse correlation between folic acid levels and Beck's inventory score among patients with severe depression (r=-0.250, p=0.049). Conclusion: Serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid could be used as markers that assess anxiety and depression's therapeutic efficiency.

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Background: Memorizing the Quran is an education continuing from the early periods of Islamic education until today. Although this education started in the past to protect the Quran, nowadays, it is continuing as a tradition. Aims and Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of memorizing the Quran on certain cognitive functions of individuals. Materials and Methods: The scope of the study is limited to 18 female and 15 male students who have been studying in the 5th, 6th, and 7th grades of Anatolian Imam Preacher Secondary Schools in different districts of İstanbul. After Demographic Information Questionnaire was used, California Verbal Learning Test children's version, Wechsler Memory Scale revised visual reproduction subtest, Trail Making Test, and Verbal Fluency Test were applied twice to collect data about individuals before and after memorization training. Results: Findings demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference in verbal learning, visual learning, attention speed, and phonemic and semantic fluency before and after memorization training. Conclusion: In conclusion, memorizing the Quran has positive impacts on verbal and visual memory, attention processes, and lexical and semantic fluency of individuals. It is important with regard to eliminate emptiness in the literature. In future studies, it can be investigated the effects of textual memorization in a foreign language on brain structures and connections.

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Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study is, to determine the effect of perfectionism levels and goal orientation types on the individuals who played licensed basketball in the past, to continue their basketball life at a professional/amateur level or dropped out basketball. Methods: The sample of the study consists of a licensed basketball history, a total of 150 participants who continue at the amateur level (50), professional level (50), and dropped out basketball/continue as a hobby (50). Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire developed by Duda et al. (1992) to determine types of goal orientation and Multidimensional Perfectionism Questionnaire (Frost et al., 1990) to predict perfectionism levels were used to collect data. The data analyzed with SPSS 25.0 program with one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses. Results: As a result of analyses, there were no significant differences between task and ego orientation and perfectionism and sport continuation types of participants. It was also found that according to correlation analysis conducted to determine the relationship between task and ego orientation among the styles of continuing sports; a statistically significant positive moderate relationship between task and ego orientation score of participants who dropped out basketball and continue at an amateur level; on the other hand, a high positive correlation was found between goal orientation and ego orientation of those who continue at professional level. Conclusion: Results provide a richer understanding of the effects of goals orientations with perfectionism and their relationship to performance and have implications on sport continuation.

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Backround: There is a positive relationship between night eating syndrome (NES) and sleep quality. However, it is not known how this situation changes among students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to reveal the relationship between anthropometric measurements, NES, and sleep quality in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained through an online survey from March to June 2020 during pandemic in Turkey from university students (n = 100). They completed an online Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Night Eating Questionnaire, also anthropometric measurements were taken. Results: University students had sleep disturbance. The sleep disturbance had an effect on NES (P < 0.001, rho = 0.386). A positive relation was found between sleeping pill use and NES (Z = −2.218, P = 0.027) and appetizing drugs and sleep (Z = −2.410, P = 0.016). Conlusion: The occurrence of sleep disturbances in students may increase the incidence of NES during COVID-19 pandemic. This study achieved a short-term result in a limited sample, and we suggest conducting large-scale studies on student health. University students should be considered and public health policies should be implemented in terms of eating disorders and sleep quality.

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Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorder that appears as a subset of attention deficit and different subspecies in which both occur together and is generally observed in childhood. Pharmacological agents such as atomoxetine and methylphenidate, which are widely used against the disease, appear with different and important side effects. Since the causes of the disease are not clearly understood, many studies are carried out on various animal models in order to both understand the etiology and develop new treatment models. In this review, a holistic approach to ADHD will be presented and advances in animal models, neuroimaging, neurodevelopmental, and neurochemical conditions will be presented using different perspectives. It is very important to understand how different animal models are effective in the development of pharmacological agents. In addition, comparing ADHD with different types of disease can detect similarities and further strengthen the etiological basis. Our major proposal is to draw attention to the further development of animal models related to the importance of the thalamus, which officially sees a filter of perception. Different animal models are needed to do all this because the disease is not fully modeled, except for the symptoms of ADHD. The current review will conclude that none of the currently discussed models meet all the necessary validation criteria, but that newly created genetic models, therapeutic strategies, and the disease mechanism may be radically important points.

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