ÖZ Gelişmekte olan beyindeki lezyonlar sonucu oluşan Serebral Palsi (SP), pediatrik fizyoterapinin ana ilgi alanlarından biri olmuştur. Uygulanan terapi yöntemlerinin günlük hayattaki bedensel ve sosyal sonuçlarını içeren pek çok araştırma ve derleme mevcuttur. Bu derlemede, uygulanan rehabilitasyonun beyinlerdeki karşılıǧı olan nöroplastik etkileri araştıran yayınları incelemek için elektronik veri tabanları PUBMED ve Web of Science içerisinde tarama yapılmıştır. Bu konudaki araştırmalarla ilgili ulaşılan sınırlı sayıdaki yayında, sonuçların hepsi rehabilitasyon sonucu nöroplastisitenin geliştiǧini delillendirir niteliktedir. Bu derlemede, nöroplastisiteyi ölçmek için kullanılan yöntemlere de kısaca deǧinilmiş ve araştırılmaya muhtaç konulardan birine daha ışık tutmak hedeflenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Serebral Palsi, Nöroplastisite, Fizyoterapi, Pediatrik Rehabilitasyon Cerebral Palsy (SP), formed as a result of lesions in the developing brain, has been one of the main areas of interest in pediatric physiotherapy. There are many researches and reviews about the physical and social consequences of the therapy methods used in daily life. In this review, electronic databases were scanned in PUBMED and Web of Science to examine the publications investigating the neuroplastic effects that are the equivalent of the rehabilitation applied in the brain. In a limited number of publications about research on this subject, all of the results are evidence to prove that neuroplasticity developed as a result of rehabilitation. In this review, the methods used to measure neuroplasticity are briefly mentioned and it is aimed to shed more light on one of the subjects in need of investigation.

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Özet Bu çalışmada, gilaburu meyvesi (Viburnum opulus, GİLA) ekstraktının Streptozotozin (STZ) enjeksiyonu ile diyabet modeli oluşturulan sıçanların kan glukoz seviyeleri ve böbrek doku homojenatları üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kan glukoz düzeyleri şeker ölçüm cihazı kullanılarak kuyruk kanında bakıldı. Glukoz tayini STZ enjeksiyonundan 48 saat sonra yapıldı. Bunun için 32 adet Wistar albino sıçan kullanıldı. Sıçanlar, her biri 8 hayvan içeren Kontrol, STZ, STZ + GİLA ve GİLA olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. 12 hafta sonra sakrifiye edildiler. Çalışma dönemlerinde, kan glukoz seviyeleri belirli aralıklarla ölçüldü ve böbrek doku parametreleri sakrifiye edildikten sonra doku homojenatlarında ölçüldü. Ölçülen parametreler Glutatyon (GSH), Malondialdehit (MDA) ve Total Antioksidan Kapasite (TAK) idi. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar SPSS yazılım programı kullanılarak analiz edildi ve P < 0.05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir deǧer olarak kabul edildi. Çalışmanın bulguları, GİLA tüketiminin güçlü antioksidan özellikleri nedeni ile diyabetik insanlarda olası nefropatiyi önleme konusunda yardımcı olabileceǧini göstermiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Viburnum opulus, diyabet, bφbrek, oksidatif hasar, siηan In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of highbush cranberry (Viburnum opulus, GILA) fruit extract on blood glucose levels and kidney tissue homogenates of diabetes-modeled rats by injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Blood glucose levels of rats were measured in tail blood using a glucose meter. Glucose determination was done 48 h after STZ injection. For this, 32 Wistar albino rats were employed. The rats were divided into four groups; control, STZ, STZ + GILA, and GILA with containing eight animals each. After 12 weeks, they were sacrificed. During the study periods, blood glucose levels were measured periodically and kidney tissue parameters were measured in their homogenates after sacrificing the rats. The measured parameters were glutathione, Malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant status. The results obtained from the study were analyzed using the SPSS for Windows software, and P < 0.05 was assigned as statistically significant value. The findings of the study showed that GILA consumption could help diabetic people to prevent possible nephropathy due to its potent antioxidant features.

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Background: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminations of food have impact on human and animal health especially in sub-saharan Africa. However Animal model studies on the role of Aflatoxins in aggression behaviour is limited and this have implication for mental health and aggressive in children and emergent adults. Aims/Objective: The role of AFB1 in excessive territorial aggression behavior in Wistar rats was assessed. Material/Methods: Rodents in the experimental group (Group A, n = 6) were orally infused with AFB1 diluted in dimethylsulfoxide administered 0.3 mg/kg/day on days 1–12. Controls received distilled water similarly on days 1-12 days (Group B). For the observation, an intruder was introduced into the cage containing the residents who are experimental rats treated with aflatoxin and rats in the control treated with distilled water. Records of observations of territorial aggressive behaviors exhibited by the experimental and control rats toward the intruder were recorded. Each rat was given three trials of 5 min each. The study utilized the randomized blocked two-way ANOVA (factors timeline × treatment), followed by a post hoc analysis using Bonferroni correction to analyze the data, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Findings demonstrated that exposure to aflatoxin significantly influenced aggressive behavior among Wistar rats F (1, 322) = 29.89, P < 0.001, η² = 0.09. Aflatoxin-treated animals significantly exhibited more aggressive behavior than animals treated with distilled water (Bonferroni = 4.04, P < 0.001). Exposure time to aflatoxin interacted with treatment to significantly influence aggressive behavior among Wistar rats F (1, 322) = 3.26, P < 0.001, η² = 0.10. The mean comparison reveals that there was no significant difference in aggressive behavior of the aflatoxin-treated and distilled water-treated rats from days 1–7. However, significant differences were observed from the 8^th day onward to the 12^th day. Aggressive behavior increased by 10% as the chronic exposure increases more than 7 days. Conclusion: Aflatoxin-induced toxicity in rodents influenced aggression through exacerbation of neurocognitive decline and brain biochemical distortions leading to aggressive behavior.

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ÖZET Çalışmamızda OKB hastaları ile saǧlıklı bireylerin aleksitimi düzeyleri karşılaştırılıp aralarında anlamlı bir fark olup olmadıǧı incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte kişilerin bazı sosyodemografik özelliklerinin de OKB ve aleksitimi düzeyleri üzerinde etkili olup olmadıǧı araştırılmıştır. Çalışmaya, İstanbul ilindeki Üsküdar Üniversitesi NP Feneryolu Tıp Merkezi'nde tanı almış ve tedavileri halen devam eden, yaşları 18-45 aralıǧında olan 25'i kadın 15'i erkek olmak üzere 40 gönüllü OKB hastası ile İstanbul ilinde yaşayan rastgele seçilmiş, herhangi bir psikiyatrik tanısı bulunmayan, yaşları 18-45 aralıǧında olan 25'i kadın 15'i erkek olmak üzere 40 gönüllü saǧlıklı birey katılmıştır. Katılımcılar öncelikle çalışma ve kişisel bilgilerin gizliliǧi konusunda bilgilendirilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilecek verileri toplamak amacıyla, 80 katılımcıya, “Sosyodemografik Veri Formu, Toronto Aleksitimi Ölçeǧi (TAÖ-20) ve Yale-Brown Obsesyon Kompulsiyon Ölçeǧi ve Semptom Listesi (Y-BOCS)” uygulanmıştır. Bu ölçeklerden elde edilen veriler ise SSPS v. 21 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) programı ile istatistiksel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Sürekli deǧişkenlerin normallik daǧılımı Skewness-Kurtosis deǧerlerinin -1.5 ve +1.5 aralıǧında oluşuna göre deǧerlendirilmiştir. OKB tanılı hastalarla saǧlıklı kontrollerin ölçeklerden aldıkları puanların karşılaştırılmasında baǧımsız örneklem t testi yürütülmüştür. Sosyodemografik deǧişkenler bakımından yürütülen gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda baǧımsız örneklem Mann Whintey U testi yürütülmüştür. Ölçeklerden alınan puanlar arasındaki korelasyon deǧerleri ise puanların normal daǧılıyor olması nedeniyle Pearson korelasyon analizi ile yürütülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; OKB hastalarının aleksitimi düzeyleri saǧlıklı bireylerin aleksitimi düzeylerine göre anlamlı bir biçimde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. OKB hastalarının TAÖ-20'nin alt boyutları olan duygu ifadesinde zorluk puanları ile duygu tanımlamada zorluk puanları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Aleksitimi, obsesif kompulsif bozukluk, OKB In this study, we compared the levels of alexithymia in healthy individuals with OCD patients and investigated whether there is a significant difference between them. Furthermore, some of the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects were also examined to determine whether they had an effect on OCD and alexithymia levels. 40 volunteer OCD patients, 25 of whom were women and 15 men, aged 18-45 years, who were diagnosed at the NP Feneryolu Medical Center of Üsküdar University, Istanbul, and who were randomly selected and living in Istanbul, 40 volunteer healthy individuals, 25 of whom are women and 15 of whom are men and whose ages are between 18 and 45, are attended to this study. Participants were first informed about the privacy of work and personal information. “Sociodemographic Data Form, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Symptom List (Y-BOCS)” were applied to all 80 participants in order to collect the data obtained in the study. The data obtained from these scales were subjected to statistical analysis with the SSPS v. 21 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program. The normality distribution of continuous variables was evaluated according to the occurrence of Skewness-Kurtosis values in the range of -1.5 and +1.5. An independent sample t-test was conducted to compare the scores of healthy controls and OCD patients. Independent sample Mann Whintey U test was performed among the groups in terms of demographic variables. Correlation values between the scores obtained from the scales were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis because the scores were normally distributed. According to the results of this study; a significant difference was found between the levels of alexithymia of healthy individuals and OCD patients. The levels of alexithymia in OCD patients were significantly higher than those of healthy individuals. Apart from this, there was a significant positive correlation between the difficulty describing feelings scores of OCD patients and the their difficulty identifying feelings scores of the TAS-20 subscales. In addition, a number of suggestions have been added in order to make contribution to the literature of this research which is also included in similar studies.

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Öz Çalışmamızda, voleybolcularda serotonin taşıyıcı protein geni (SLC6A4) promotör L/S polimorfizminin genotip ve allel daǧılımlarını belirlemeyi ve literatürde bulunan önceki çalışmalar ile karşılaştırmayı hedefledik. Bu amaçla çalışmamıza 21 voleybolcu katıldı. Genotipleme işlemi, yanak içi epitel hücrelerinden DNA elde edildikten sonra PCR ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatür taraması Google Akademik ve PUBMED veri tabanlarında “spor, sporcu, genetik, SLC6A4, spor genetiǧi, polimorfizm” anahtar kelimeler ve kombinasyonları ile yapılmıştır. Kohortumuzda LL, LS ve SS genotipleri sayı ve yüzde olarak sırasıyla 10 (%48), 7 (%33) ve 4 (%19) olarak bulundu. L ve S allel sayı ve yüzdeleri ise sırasıyla 27 (%64) ve 15 (%36) olarak bulunmuştur. Yapılan literatür araması ile 9 farklı çalışma kriterlerimize uygun bulunmuş ve bulgularımız ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, genotip daǧılımı açısından SS genotipinin yüzdece düşük olması, diǧer çalışmalar ve bizim bulgularımız ile ortaktır. Sadece bir çalışmada S alleli yüzdece daha fazla bulunmuştur. Son dönemlerde yapılan çalışmalar “S” allelinin anksiyete ile ilişkilendirildiǧini göstermiştir. Çalışmamız, voleybolculardaki LL genotip ve L allelinin, SS genotip ve S allelinden yüzdece daha yüksek olduǧunu gösteren ilk rapordur. Anahtar Kelimeler: genetik, spor genetiǧi, serotonin, voleybol, polimorfizm We aimed to determine the genotype and allele distributions of the serotonin transporter protein gene (SLC6A4) promoter L/S polymorphism in volleyball players and compare it with the previous studies in the literature in this study. For this purpose, 21 volleyball players participated in our study. Genotyping was performed by PCR after DNAs were isolated from buccal cells. The literature review has been done in Google Scholar and PUBMED databases with the keywords and combinations of “sports, athletes, genetics, SLC6A4, sports genetics, polymorphism”. In our cohort, LL, LS and SS genotypes were found in numbers and percentages as 10 (48%), 7 (33%) and 4 (19%), respectively. The respective L and S allele count numbers and percentages were 27 (64%) and 15 (36%). 9 different studies matched our criteria and compared with our findings with literature review. As a result, the low percentage of SS genotype in terms of genotype distribution was common with the previous studies and our findings. The S allele percentage was higher than our results just in one research. Recent studies have shown that the “S” allele is associated with anxiety. Our study was the first report to show that the LL genotype and L allele in volleyball players are higher than the SS genotype and S allele.

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Aim: The present study aims to construct the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) in Nepali language. Method: Individuals for this study were ten Nepali speaking adults in the age range of 30 and above, out of which five were healthy and five were aphasics. The cortical quotient was not included in the present study as many of our population were illiterate and examining them on the tests of reading and writing was not possible. Result: The current study clearly shows that aphasic patients can be identified and classified into the types of aphasia and also the severity of the language deficits can be obtained in terms of the AQ using Nepali WAB. Conclusion: We can conclude that WAB-N gives detailed information about oral language abilities which further provides the baseline for therapy plan and recovery.

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Familial liability (FL) or susceptibility has been shown to increase the risk for psychotic disorders, however, little is known about FL among patients with major psychiatric disorders in Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the rate of FL and factors influencing the age of onset among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders (BDs). This was a cross-sectional survey of patients with either diagnosis of BD or schizophrenia based on ICD-10 criteria. Data were collected through a pretested sociodemographic questionnaire, incorporating age, duration of illness, the onset of illness, and family history (FH) of mental illness. Data were presented as tables, charts, and bivariate analysis was performed to determine the relationship between variables. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Of the 235 participants, 66 (28.1%) had a FH of mental illness. The age of onset ranges from 12 to 70 years with a mean of 30.1 years (standard deviation = 11.1 years) and majority 85 (36.2%) were within the age group 30–39 years and had developed the illness before the age of 30 years (54.5%). The males were twice more likely to developed mental illness before the age of 30 years compared with their female counterparts (odds ratio [OR] = 2.42, [confidence interval (CI) = 1.40–4.25], [P = 0.013]), likewise, the singles compared with the ever-married (OR = 4.24, [CI = 2.45–7.34], [P = 0.000]). Although nearly a third of the participants had a FL to mental illness, there was no association between the age of onset and FH of mental illness. However, the males and the singles were more likely to have developed mental illness at an earlier age compared with their counterparts.

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ÖZ Bu araştırmada panik bozukluǧu tanısı konan hastalarda ve birinci derece yakınlarında anksiyete duyarlılıǧı ölçümlerinin ve panik-agorafobi spektrumu belirtilerinin incelenmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bir üniversite tıp fakültesi hastanesi psikiyatri polikliniǧinde panik bozukluǧu tanısı konulan veya bu tanı ile izlenmekte olan 80 hasta ile bu hastaların birinci derece yakınları (80 hasta kardeşi) klinik deǧerlendirme sonrası çalışma kapsamına alınmışlardır. Hastalara sosyo-demografik bilgi formu, DSM-IV Eksen I Bozuklukları İçin Yapılandırılmış Klinik Görüşme (SCID-1), Anksiyete Duyarlılık Ölçeǧi (ADÖ), Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeǧi (DSKÖ), Beck Depresyon Ölçeǧi (BDÖ), Panik-Agorafobi Ölçeǧi (PAÖ) ve Yaşamboyu Panik-Agorafobi Spektrumu Ölçeǧi (PASÖ-YB); kardeşlerine ise sosyo-demografik bilgi formu, SCID-1, ADÖ, DSKÖ, BDÖ, PASÖ-YB uygulanmıştır. Yapılan deǧerlendirmeler sonucunda, hastaların ADÖ puanlarının, kardeşlerinin puanlarından, istatistiksel olarak anlamı şekilde yüksek olduǧu saptanmıştır (p < 0.01). Ayrıca hastalar PASÖ-YB ölçeǧinden kardeşlere göre anlamlı derecede yüksek puan almışlardır (p < 0.01). BDÖ puanı kovaryant olarak analize alındıǧında anksiyete duyarlılıǧı ve panik-agorafobi spektrumu belirtilerini gösterme açısından farklılık kaybolmamaktadır. Sonuç olarak panik bozukluǧunda, birinci derece hasta yakınlarında endofenotipik özellikler olarak araştırılmış olan iki deǧişken olan anksiyete duyarlılıǧı ve spektrum belirtilerinin şiddet ve sıklık bakımından hasta grubundan farklı olduǧu saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: panik bozuklugu, anksiyete, panik-agorafobi spektrumu, depresyon The aim of the study was to investigate and compare anxiety sensitivity measurements and panic-agoraphobic spectrum symptoms in patients diagnosed with panic disorder and in their first degree relatives. Eighty patients who were on follow-up or recently diagnosed as panic disorder in a university faculty of medicine psychiatry department and their first degree relatives (80 siblings) were included after clinical evaluation. The patients were assessed with socio-demographic information form, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-1), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Panic-Agoraphobic Scale (PAS) and Lifetime Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum Self Report (PAS-SR lifetime); and their siblings were assessed with socio-demographic information form, SCID-1, ASI, STAI, BDI, and PAS-SR lifetime. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the ASI scores of the patients were statistically significantly higher than the scores of their siblings (p < 0.01). In addition, patients scored significantly higher on the PAS-SR lifetime scale than siblings (p < 0.01). Inclusion of BDI scores in covariant analysis has made no change in the difference among study groups in level of anxiety sensitivity and degree of panic agoraphobic spectrum. As a conclusion, in this study, it was found that anxiety sensitivity and spectrum symptoms, which are two variables investigated as endophenotypic features in the first degree relatives in the panic disorder, differ from the patient group in terms of severity and frequency.

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